Public Health, Safety, and Welfare—Drinking Water Quality

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In fulfillment of their ethical obligations under the Code, Engineers A and B should formally communicate their concerns to the MWC, including that they believe the project will not be successful. Both Engineers A and B have ethical obligations to notify the MWC and other appropriate authorities that prematurely changing the water source puts the public health and safety at risk. Furthermore, Engineers A and B have independent obligations to formally and in writing report their concerns to the state regulatory agency. While they may provide a joint and cooperative report, each has an independent obligation. Neither the consent nor opposition of the client is a factor in their fulfillment of this obligation.

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The role of the professional engineer in protecting the public health, safety, and welfare is fundamental to the practice of engineering and is the overriding charge in the NSPE Code of Ethics. This fundamental canon has been considered many times in past cases. In a case that has been cited many times, BER Case No. 00-5 centered on the reopening of a dangerous, closed bridge by a nonengineer public works director. The NSPE Board of Ethical Review stressed the importance of holding the public safety paramount. More recently, in BER Case No. 19-10 Engineer A was hired by Client B to provide a building investigation after a fire. Engineer A determined that the building was unstable. Additionally, Engineer A determined that recent structural changes to the building, which was issued a certificate of occupancy by a county building official, might have caused new structural problems. In its conclusion, the Board of Ethical Review wrote, “Engineer A had an obligation to continue to pursue a resolution of the matter by working with Client B and in contacting in writing the supervisor of the county official, the fire marshal, or any other agency with jurisdiction, advising them of the structural deficiencies.” Previous cases have also addressed the duty to report when safety concerns exist. In BER Case No. 89-7, Engineer A was retained to investigate the structural components of an apartment building. While the building was structurally sound, Engineer A was informed that there were deficiencies in electrical and mechanical systems that violated applicable codes and standards. The agreement between the client and Engineer A indicated that the structural report was to remain confidential. Engineer A did not report the electrical and mechanical deficiencies to the appropriate authorities. In this case, the NSPE Board of Ethical Review determined that “it was unethical for Engineer A not to report the safety violations to the appropriate public authorities,” stating “we beli...

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Engineer A is a professional engineer who serves as the superintendent and chief engineer for the Metropolitan Water Commission (MWC). In order to reduce municipal expenditures and lower water rates, the MWC has been considering changing its water supply source from purchasing water from remote reservoirs from another regional authority to using the local river as the MWC’s source. Engineer B, a consulting engineer retained by the MWC charged with evaluating water treatment needs for the change in water source, provided a report to Engineer A recommending extensive capital investments and a three-year timeline for further evaluation of water quality, design, and construction of improvements. The improvements are needed prior to the change in water source to ensure that sufficient corrosion control is provided so that old service pipes in the MWC service area don’t leach lead at levels in excess of drinking water standards. Both Engineer A and Engineer B met with the MWC at a meeting sparsely attended by the public and recommended that the change in water source be substantially delayed until improvements could be completed. Despite those recommendations, the MWC voted to proceed simultaneously with the accelerated evaluation and design of needed water treatment improvements and the change in water source.

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What are the ethical obligations of Engineer A and Engineer B in this circumstance? What should Engineer A and Engineer B do?
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Roles R
w=0.12 384D
Engineer B Joint Public Safety Escalation Engineer
One of two engineers who jointly presented findings and recommendations to the MWC regarding water supply safety;...
State Regulatory Notification Authority
A governmental regulatory body that serves as a mandatory formal notification target when professional engineers...
Water Utility Chief Engineer
A senior licensed professional engineering role serving as superintendent and chief engineer of a public water...
Engineer A Water Utility Chief Engineer
Serves as superintendent and chief engineer of the MWC; received Engineer B's report; jointly recommended delaying...
Engineer B Water Treatment Evaluation Consultant
Retained by MWC to evaluate water treatment needs for the proposed water source change; produced a report...
MWC Metropolitan Water Commission Decision Authority
Governing body of the water utility that commissioned the water source change evaluation; received joint...
MWC Service Area Public Water Rate Payer Stakeholder
Community members served by the MWC water utility who stand to benefit from lower water rates but face lead...
State Regulatory Agency Notification Authority
The state regulatory agency that has been contacted by Engineers A and B regarding the water supply safety concerns;...
Engineer A Joint Public Safety Escalation Engineer
One of two engineers who jointly presented findings and recommendations to the MWC regarding water supply safety;...
Metropolitan Water Commission Decision Authority Individual
The public water authority that overruled the engineering judgments of Engineers A and B; the entity whose consent...
Water Treatment Evaluation Consultant
A consulting professional engineering role retained by a public water utility to evaluate water treatment...
Water Rate Payer Public Stakeholder
A community stakeholder role representing members of the public who are served by a municipal water utility, bearing...
Joint Public Safety Escalation Engineer
A licensed professional engineering role in which two or more engineers, having jointly presented findings and...
13 entities
Principles P
w=0.2 384D
Formal Presentation Requirement for Safety Escalation Invoked for State Agency and MWC
Engineers A and B's existing informal contact with the state regulatory agency must be supplemented by a formal...
Client Consent Non-Requirement for Public Safety Escalation Invoked Against MWC
Engineers A and B do not need the MWC's consent to report their safety concerns to the state regulatory agency; the...
Client Consent Non-Requirement for Public Safety Escalation
Fundamental principle establishing that engineers are not required to obtain the consent, approval, or authorization...
Escalation Obligation When Initial Regulatory Report Is Insufficient Invoked for State Agency Contact
Engineers A and B's informal contact with the state regulatory agency is insufficient to discharge their...
Coordinated Joint Escalation Obligation Invoked for Engineers A and B
Because Engineers A and B jointly presented their findings and recommendations to the MWC, their escalation actions...
Coordinated Joint Escalation Obligation
Professional principle requiring engineers who have jointly presented findings and recommendations to a client or...
Formal Presentation Requirement for Safety Escalation
Professional principle requiring that when engineers escalate public health or safety concerns to regulatory...
Public Welfare Paramount Invoked by Engineers A and B in Water Source Safety Dispute
Engineers A and B hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public - specifically water rate payers at...
Confidentiality Non-Applicability Invoked in BER 89-7 Precedent
In BER Case No. 89-7, a confidentiality agreement between Engineer A and the client did not bar - and did not excuse...
Post-Client-Refusal Escalation Assessment Obligation Invoked by Engineers A and B
After the MWC overruled their engineering judgment, Engineers A and B must assess whether the MWC's refusal to act -...
Persistent Escalation Obligation When Formal Presentations Fail to Sway MWC
If the formal presentations to the MWC and state regulatory agency fail to change the MWC's plans, Engineers A and B...
Faithful Agent Notification Obligation Invoked for Project Success Risk to MWC
Engineers A and B must advise the MWC formally that they believe the project - defined as ensuring the public will...
12 entities
Obligations O
w=0.15 384D
Joint Engineering Recommendation Unified Escalation Obligation
Duty of two or more licensed professional engineers who have jointly presented safety recommendations to a public...
Engineer B Corrosion Control Pre-Condition Safety Disclosure to MWC
Engineer B was obligated to disclose to Engineer A and the MWC that extensive capital investments and a three-year...
Engineer A Public Water Authority Informed Decision Facilitation at MWC Meeting
Engineer A was obligated to ensure that the MWC decision-makers had complete and accurate information about the...
Engineer A Post-Client-Override Regulatory Escalation Water Safety
Engineer A was obligated, following the MWC's override of the joint engineering recommendation to delay the water...
Engineer B Post-Client-Override Regulatory Escalation Water Safety
Engineer B was obligated, following the MWC's override of the joint engineering recommendation, to escalate the...
Engineer B Accelerated Timeline Public Health Risk Objection at MWC
Engineer B was obligated to formally object to the MWC's decision to compress the three-year evaluation and...
Engineer A Sparse Public Attendance Safety Information Gap Remediation
Engineer A was obligated to recognize that the sparse public attendance at the MWC meeting created an information...
Engineer A Client Risk Consequence Communication to MWC
Engineer A was obligated to communicate to the MWC not only the public health rationale for delaying the water...
Engineer A Faithful Agent Written Risk Notification to MWC
Engineer A was obligated, as the MWC's chief engineer and faithful agent, to provide written notification of the...
Engineer A Post-Client-Override Public Safety Escalation Beyond MWC
Engineer A was obligated, after the MWC overrode the joint engineering recommendation, to evaluate whether the...
Formal Regulatory Presentation Supplementation of Informal Contact Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer who has made informal contact with a state regulatory agency regarding a...
Engineer A and B Joint Engineering Recommendation Unified Escalation
Engineers A and B were jointly obligated to coordinate and jointly escalate their safety concerns to the state...
Engineer A Formal Regulatory Presentation Supplementation MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A is obligated to supplement the existing informal contact with the state regulatory agency with a formal...
Corrosion Control Pre-Condition Safety Disclosure Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer advising a public water authority on a proposed change in water supply...
Engineer B Public Water Authority Informed Decision Facilitation at MWC Meeting
Engineer B was obligated to ensure that the MWC decision-makers had complete and accurate information about the...
Engineer A Non-Acquiescence to MWC Override of Safety Recommendation
Engineer A was obligated not to acquiesce to the MWC's decision to proceed simultaneously with the water source...
Engineer B Post-Client-Override Public Safety Escalation Beyond MWC
Engineer B was obligated, after the MWC overrode the joint engineering recommendation, to evaluate whether the...
Engineer B Competence Obligation Water Treatment Evaluation
Engineer B was obligated to perform the water treatment evaluation only within the scope of competence, applying...
Engineer B Formal Regulatory Presentation Supplementation MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B is obligated to participate in and contribute to a formal presentation of facts, findings, and...
Engineers A and B Post-Formal-Presentation Persistent Pursuit MWC Water Source Case
If the formal presentations to the MWC and state regulatory agency fail to change the MWC's plans to proceed with...
Engineer A Safety Obligation Paramount to Cost Reduction Goal
Engineer A was obligated to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public - specifically the risk of...
Accelerated Timeline Public Health Risk Objection Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer who has determined that a proposed accelerated schedule for a public...
Sparse Public Attendance Safety Information Gap Remediation Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer presenting public health and safety findings to a public authority at a...
Lead Contamination Vulnerable Population Specific Risk Disclosure Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer advising a public water authority on a water source change to specifically...
Engineer A Accelerated Timeline Public Health Risk Objection at MWC
Engineer A was obligated to formally object to and document opposition to the MWC's proposed accelerated timeline...
Engineer B Lead Contamination Vulnerable Population Specific Risk Disclosure
Engineer B was obligated to specifically identify and disclose in the evaluation report the disproportionate risk of...
Engineer A Graduated Escalation Before Withdrawal from MWC Role
Engineer A was obligated, before considering withdrawal from the chief engineer role, to pursue a graduated sequence...
Post-Formal-Presentation Persistent Safety Pursuit Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer who has made formal presentations of public health and safety concerns to...
Formal Client Project Failure Risk Notification Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer who believes that a project - defined in terms of its public safety...
Precedent-Grounded Safety Reporting Duty Recognition Obligation
Duty of a licensed professional engineer facing a public health or safety situation to recognize and apply...
Engineers A and B Formal Client Project Failure Risk Notification MWC Water Source Case
Engineers A and B are obligated to formally advise the MWC in writing that they believe the project - defined as...
Engineer A Confidentiality Non-Override Safety Reporting BER 89-7 Precedent Application
As established in BER 89-7 and applied to the current case, a confidentiality agreement between an engineer and a...
Engineers A and B Joint Coordinated Formal Presentation Action MWC Water Source Case
Because Engineers A and B jointly presented their findings and recommendations to the MWC, their escalation actions...
33 entities
States S
w=0.1 384D
Cost-Reduction Pressure Overriding Safety Timeline State
State in which a governing authority or client has directed that a project proceed on an accelerated schedule...
Lead Leaching Public Health Risk from Premature Source Change
MWC water distribution system and public health of service area residents
Sparse Public Attendance at MWC Water Source Decision Meeting
Public participation process for MWC water source change decision
Engineer A Dual Role as Superintendent and Chief Engineer
Engineer A's simultaneous roles as MWC superintendent (administrative/managerial) and chief engineer (technical/professional)
MWC Override of Engineers A and B Joint Judgment
Municipal Water Commission's rejection of Engineers A and B's jointly presented safety findings and recommendations
MWC Financial Motivation for Accelerated Water Source Change
Metropolitan Water Commission's decision-making context regarding water source transition
MWC Override of Engineer Recommendations on Water Source Timeline
MWC's authority relationship with Engineer A and Engineer B regarding the water source change timeline
Confirmed Lead Risk with Deferred Safeguards
Engineer B's documented risk assessment and MWC's decision to proceed without completing protective measures
Informal Regulatory Contact Without Formal Presentation
Engineers A and B's preliminary contact with state regulatory agency regarding water system safety concerns
Anticipatory Escalation Obligation If Formal Presentations Fail
Engineers A and B's ongoing obligation to further pursue the matter if formal presentations to MWC and regulatory...
Public Safety at Risk - Lead Contamination of Drinking Water
MWC service area public exposed to potential lead leaching above drinking water standards
Public Safety at Risk - Water System Users
Public health and safety of water system users endangered by MWC's decision to proceed without adequate safety infrastructure
Engineers A and B Competing Duties - Client Loyalty vs. Public Safety Paramount
Engineers A and B's tension between obligations to MWC as client and paramount duty to protect public health and safety
Joint Engineering Judgment Override State
State in which two or more professional engineers, acting jointly and presenting unified findings and...
Premature Operational Change with Deferred Safety Infrastructure State
State in which a governing authority has decided to implement a major operational change (e.g., switching a water...
Formal Escalation Obligation Pending Presentation Failure State
State in which professional engineers have completed or are completing formal presentations of safety findings to a...
Informal Regulatory Contact Requiring Formalization State
State in which a professional engineer has made informal or preliminary contact with a state regulatory agency...
17 entities
Resources Rs
w=0.1 384D
Drinking-Water-Safety-Regulation-Lead
Explicitly referenced as the regulatory benchmark that old service pipes must not exceed; corrosion control...
Engineer-Dissent-Framework
Provides structured guidance for Engineer A and Engineer B on whether they are ethically obligated to refuse...
BER-Case-Precedent-Public-Safety-Override
Analogical precedents from the NSPE BER addressing situations where engineers provided safety-based recommendations...
BER_Case_00-5
Cited as a frequently referenced precedent involving a nonengineer public works director reopening a dangerous...
BER_Case_19-10
Cited as a recent precedent in which an engineer investigating a fire-damaged building found structural instability...
NSPE-Code-of-Ethics
Primary normative authority governing the obligations of Engineer A (superintendent/chief engineer) and Engineer B...
NSPE_Code_of_Ethics
Cited as the overriding authority establishing the fundamental canon that engineers must hold paramount the safety,...
BER_Case_89-7
Cited as precedent establishing that an engineer's duty to report safety violations to appropriate public...
Engineer-Citizen-Action-Standard
Addresses whether Engineer A and/or Engineer B, having fulfilled their professional advisory obligations, may or...
Engineer-Public-Safety-Escalation-Standard
Governs the continuing obligations of Engineer A and Engineer B after the MWC overruled their recommendations;...
10 entities
Actions A
w=0.1 384D
Retain Engineer B for Evaluation
Produce Treatment Needs Report
Jointly Recommend Delaying Source Change
MWC Votes to Override Engineers
Formally Notify State Regulatory Authorities
Formally Advise MWC of Project Failure Risk
Further Escalate If Formal Steps Fail
7 entities
Events E
w=0.08 384D
Sparsely Attended Meeting Outcome
Public Health Risk Created
Engineer Recommendations Overruled
Lead Leaching Risk Activated
4 entities
Capabilities Ca
w=0.07 384D
Engineer A Accelerated Timeline Public Health Risk Objection
Engineer A possessed the capability to assess the public health risks created by the MWC's decision to proceed...
Engineer B Accelerated Timeline Public Health Risk Objection
Engineer B possessed the capability to assess and formally object to the MWC's decision to compress the three-year...
Engineer A Sparse Public Attendance Information Gap Remediation
Engineer A needed to recognize that the sparse public attendance at the MWC meeting created a material information...
Engineer B Post-Client-Override Regulatory Escalation Assessment MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B possessed the capability to assess that the MWC's override of the joint safety recommendation required...
Engineer A and B Joint Escalation Coordination
Engineers A and B jointly possessed the capability to coordinate their post-override escalation strategy and jointly...
Engineer B Informed Decision Facilitation at MWC Meeting
Engineer B needed to structure the evaluation report and MWC presentation to ensure decision-makers had complete...
Engineer B Precedent-Based Public Safety Reporting Obligation Recognition MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B possessed the capability to recognize and apply established BER precedents to identify the mandatory...
Engineer A Public Welfare Paramountcy Recognition MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to recognize that the paramount professional obligation to protect public...
Engineer A Persistent Safety Escalation Beyond MWC Override MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to recognize that the MWC's override and failure to change plans did not...
Engineer A Client Risk Consequence Communication to MWC
Engineer A needed to communicate to the MWC not only the public health rationale for delaying the water source...
Engineer B Multi-Precedent Public Safety Duty Synthesis MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B possessed the capability to identify and apply the synthesized framework from BER Cases 00-5, 19-10, and...
Engineer A Informal-to-Formal Regulatory Contact Escalation MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to recognize that informal contact with the state regulatory agency was...
Engineer B Corrosion Control Pre-Condition Technical Assessment
Engineer B possessed advanced technical capability to assess corrosion control pre-conditions for the MWC water...
Engineer A Corrosion Control Pre-Condition Recognition
Engineer A, as MWC chief engineer, possessed sufficient technical capability to receive, evaluate, and act upon...
Engineer B Post-Client-Override Regulatory Escalation Water Safety
Engineer B possessed the capability to assess whether the MWC's override of the joint engineering recommendation...
Engineer A Public Welfare Paramountcy Over Cost Reduction
Engineer A needed to recognize that the public health obligation to prevent lead contamination in drinking water...
Engineer B Public Welfare Paramountcy Over Cost Reduction
Engineer B needed to recognize that the public health obligation to prevent lead contamination must be held...
Engineer A Public Safety Escalation Beyond MWC
Engineer A possessed the capability to recognize that the MWC's override of the joint safety recommendation created...
Engineer B Public Safety Escalation Beyond MWC
Engineer B possessed the capability to recognize that the MWC's override of the joint safety recommendation required...
Engineer A Multi-Precedent Public Safety Duty Synthesis MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to identify and apply the synthesized framework from BER Cases 00-5, 19-10, and...
Engineer B Informal-to-Formal Regulatory Contact Escalation MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B possessed the capability to recognize that informal contact with the state regulatory agency was...
Engineer A Client Consent Non-Prerequisite Safety Reporting Recognition MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to recognize that the MWC's consent was not required to proceed with formal...
Engineer B Client Consent Non-Prerequisite Safety Reporting Recognition MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B possessed the capability to recognize that the MWC's consent was not required to proceed with formal...
Engineers A and B Post-Formal-Presentation Continued Safety Pursuit MWC Water Source Case
Engineers A and B possessed the capability to recognize that completion of formal presentations to the MWC and state...
Engineer A Confidentiality Non-Applicability to Public Danger Disclosure MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to assess that any confidentiality considerations arising from the client...
Engineer B Public Welfare Paramountcy Recognition MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B possessed the capability to recognize that the paramount professional obligation to protect public...
Engineer B Persistent Safety Escalation Beyond MWC Override MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B possessed the capability to recognize that the MWC's override and failure to change plans did not...
Engineer A Post-Client-Override Regulatory Escalation Assessment MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to assess that the MWC's override of the joint safety recommendation required...
Engineers A and B Project Success Redefinition for Safety Failure Advisory MWC Water Source Case
Engineers A and B possessed the capability to redefine project success in terms of the public safety objective -...
Corrosion Control Pre-Condition Technical Assessment Capability
Technical capability of a licensed professional engineer evaluating a water source change to identify, analyze, and...
Accelerated Infrastructure Timeline Public Health Risk Assessment Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer to assess, document, and formally object to a proposed accelerated...
Sparse Public Attendance Information Gap Recognition and Remediation Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer presenting public health and safety findings at a public authority...
Joint Engineering Recommendation Coordination and Unified Escalation Capability
Capability of two or more licensed professional engineers who have jointly presented safety findings and...
Lead Contamination Vulnerable Population Drinking Water Risk Disclosure Capability
Technical and ethical capability of a licensed professional engineer evaluating a water source change to...
Water Source Transition Public Health Risk Communication Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer serving a public water utility to communicate the full scope of...
Engineer B Lead Contamination Vulnerable Population Risk Disclosure
Engineer B was obligated to possess and exercise the capability to specifically identify and disclose in the...
Engineer A Disproportionate Impact Assessment Water Safety
Engineer A needed to assess and communicate the disproportionate public health burden that the accelerated water...
Engineer A Post-Client-Override Regulatory Escalation Water Safety
Engineer A possessed the capability to assess whether the MWC's override of the joint engineering recommendation -...
Engineer A Informed Decision Facilitation at MWC Meeting
Engineer A needed to structure and present the public health risk analysis in a manner that ensured MWC...
Engineer A Faithful Agent Written Risk Notification to MWC
Engineer A needed to calibrate the scope of the faithful agent written risk notification obligation - recognizing...
Engineer A Graduated Escalation Before Withdrawal from MWC Role
Engineer A needed to navigate a graduated escalation sequence - from formal objection at the MWC meeting, to written...
Engineer A Environmental Justice Awareness Water Safety
Engineer A needed to recognize that the MWC's decision to proceed with the accelerated water source change without...
Engineer B Environmental Justice Awareness Water Safety
Engineer B needed to recognize the environmental justice dimensions of the lead contamination risk - particularly...
Engineer A Competing Public Goods Recognition Cost vs Safety
Engineer A needed to recognize and explicitly address the conflict between two legitimate public goods - reducing...
Engineer A Gray Area Public Welfare Threshold Judgment Post-Override
Engineer A needed to exercise professional judgment to determine whether the residual lead contamination risk -...
Multi-Precedent Public Safety Duty Synthesis Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer or ethics reviewer to identify, retrieve, and synthesize multiple BER...
Informal-to-Formal Regulatory Contact Escalation Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer who has made informal contact with a state regulatory agency...
Client Consent Non-Prerequisite Safety Reporting Recognition Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer to recognize that the consent of a client or public authority -...
Project Success Redefinition for Safety Failure Advisory Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer to redefine 'project success' in terms of the public health and...
Post-Formal-Presentation Continued Safety Pursuit Capability
Capability of a licensed professional engineer who has completed formal presentations of public health and safety...
Concurrent Joint Engineering Action Coordination Capability
Capability of two or more licensed professional engineers who have jointly presented findings and recommendations to...
Engineers A and B Concurrent Joint Engineering Action Coordination MWC Water Source Case
Engineers A and B possessed the capability to coordinate their escalation and advisory actions in concert - ensuring...
Engineer A Precedent-Based Public Safety Reporting Obligation Recognition MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A possessed the capability to recognize and apply established BER precedents - including BER 00-5, 19-10,...
53 entities
Constraints Cs
w=0.08 384D
MWC Consent Non-Prerequisite for Engineers A and B Regulatory Escalation
Engineers A and B were constrained from treating MWC's consent or approval as a prerequisite for escalating public...
Engineers A and B Confidentiality Non-Bar to Safety Reporting BER 89-7 Application
Any confidentiality obligations Engineers A and B held toward the MWC did not bar them from disclosing public health...
Engineers A and B Public Safety Paramount Over MWC Client Authority
Engineers A and B were constrained from subordinating the paramount duty to protect public health, safety, and...
Engineers A and B Client Loyalty Subordinated to Public Safety MWC Case
Engineers A and B's obligations of loyalty and faithful service to the MWC as client were constrained by and...
Engineers A and B Post-Client-Override Regulatory Escalation Lead Contamination Risk
Following the MWC's override of the joint engineering recommendation to delay the water source change pending...
Engineer A Informal Regulatory Contact Formalization Requirement MWC Water Source Case
Engineer A's informal contact with the state regulatory agency regarding the lead contamination risk from the MWC...
Engineer B Informal Regulatory Contact Formalization Requirement MWC Water Source Case
Engineer B's participation in informal contact with the state regulatory agency was insufficient; Engineer B was...
Engineers A and B Persistent Escalation Obligation If Formal Presentations Fail MWC Case
If formal presentations to the MWC and state regulatory agency failed to change the MWC's plans to proceed with the...
BER Precedent Application Constraint Engineers A and B MWC Case
Engineers A and B were constrained by the well-established BER precedent framework - including BER Cases 00-5,...
Client Consent Non-Prerequisite for Safety Escalation Constraint
Inviolable ethical constraint establishing that a licensed professional engineer's obligation to escalate public...
Informal-to-Formal Regulatory Escalation Formalization Constraint
Procedural and ethical constraint requiring that a licensed professional engineer who has made only informal or...
Joint Presenter Coordinated Escalation Action Constraint
Ethical and procedural constraint establishing that when two or more licensed professional engineers have jointly...
Engineers A and B Joint Presenter Coordinated Escalation MWC Water Source Case
Because Engineers A and B jointly presented their findings and recommendations to the MWC, their subsequent...
Engineers A and B Project Failure Risk Formal Notification to MWC
Engineers A and B were constrained to formally advise the MWC in writing that they believed the project - defined as...
14 entities
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