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Overview
Provenance Draft

PASS 3: Temporal Dynamics

Case 105: Reviewing Work of Another Engineer and Thereafter Performing Engineering Services for Client

28 entities 6 actions 4 events 7 causal chains 10 temporal relations
Timeline Overview
Action Event 10 sequenced markers
Consultant Selection Advice Beginning of the case timeline, before Engineer B begins preliminary design services
Deficiency Reporting Following his review of Engineer B's preliminary work, before the termination
Engineer Selection Beginning of the case timeline, before preliminary design work starts
Contract Termination After Engineer A's deficiency reporting and the town's termination decision, before Engineer A's service offer
Preliminary Work Review After Engineer B begins to perform preliminary design services
Contract Termination Decision Following Engineer A's review and report of deficient performance
Self-Selection Service Offer Following the termination of Engineer B
Firm Retention Agreement After Engineer A's offer, following Engineer B's termination
Deficiency Finding After Engineer B begins preliminary design services, during Engineer A's review
Design Contract Award After the termination of Engineer B, at the end of the case timeline
OWL-Time Temporal Structure 10 relations time: = w3.org/2006/time
Engineer A's role as part-time town engineer time:intervalOverlaps Engineer A's private consulting practice
Engineer A's advice and concurrence time:intervalMeets Smithtown's selection of Engineer B
Smithtown's selection of Engineer B time:intervalBefore Engineer B's preliminary design work
start of Engineer B's preliminary design services time:intervalBefore Engineer A's review of Engineer B's preliminary work
Engineer A's review of Engineer B's preliminary work time:intervalDuring Engineer B's performance of preliminary design services
Engineer A's review and adverse conclusion time:intervalBefore termination of Engineer B
Engineer A's offer of his firm's services time:intervalMeets Smithtown's agreement to retain Engineer A's firm
NSPE Board of Ethical Review precedent cases (63-5, 74-2, 01-11) time:intervalBefore the instant case (Engineer A / Smithtown)
termination of Engineer B time:intervalBefore Engineer A's offer of his firm's services
Engineer A's reporting of Engineer B's deficiencies time:intervalBefore Board's retrospective evaluation of Engineer A's conduct
Extracted Actions (6)
Volitional professional decisions with intentions and ethical context

Description: Engineer A, acting as part-time town engineer, advises and concurs in Smithtown's selection of Engineer B to provide design services for the local road project.

Temporal Marker: Beginning of the case timeline, before Engineer B begins preliminary design services instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Engineer B Under Contract with Smithtown

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Secure a qualified design engineer for the town's local road project

Obligation Engagement:
Fulfills (1)
  • Obligation to Advise the Town on Engineering Matters
Guided By Principles:
  • Undivided Loyalty to Client
Required Capabilities:
Consultant evaluation and selection judgment
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • fulfillsObligation: Obligation to Advise the Town on Engineering Matters
  • guidedByPrinciple: Undivided Loyalty to Client
  • requiresCapability: Consultant evaluation and selection judgment
  • initiates: Engineer B Under Contract with Smithtown
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer A, acting as part-time town engineer, advises and concurs in Smithtown's selection of Engineer B to provide design services for the local road project.
  • hasAgent content: Engineer A
  • temporalMarker content: Beginning of the case timeline, before Engineer B begins preliminary design services
  • eventRoleContext content: part-time town engineer for Smithtown
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Secure a qualified design engineer for the town's local road project
  • textReferences content: With Engineer A's advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services for a local road project.
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 1
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Consultant_Selection_Advice",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.636549+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A, acting as part-time town engineer, advises and concurs in Smithtown\u0027s selection of Engineer B to provide design services for the local road project.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "part-time town engineer for Smithtown",
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [
    "Obligation to Advise the Town on Engineering Matters"
  ],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Undivided Loyalty to Client"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Engineer B Under Contract with Smithtown"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Secure a qualified design engineer for the town\u0027s local road project",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Consultant evaluation and selection judgment"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Beginning of the case timeline, before Engineer B begins preliminary design services",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 1,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "With Engineer A\u0027s advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services for a local road project."
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Consultant Selection Advice"
}

Description: Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B's preliminary design work on the road project and concludes it does not meet the contract standards.

Temporal Marker: After Engineer B begins to perform preliminary design services interval

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Adverse Assessment of Engineer B's Performance

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Assess whether Engineer B's performance met the standards outlined in his contract with the town

Foreseen Unintended Effects:

  • Adverse consequences for Engineer B's continued engagement on the project
Obligation Engagement:
Fulfills (1)
  • Obligation to Advise the Town on Engineering Matters
Guided By Principles:
  • Undivided Loyalty to Client
Required Capabilities:
Design review Engineering judgment
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • fulfillsObligation: Obligation to Advise the Town on Engineering Matters
  • guidedByPrinciple: Undivided Loyalty to Client
  • requiresCapability: Design review; Engineering judgment
  • initiates: Adverse Assessment of Engineer B's Performance
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B's preliminary design work on the road project and concludes it does not meet the contract standards.
  • hasAgent content: Engineer A
  • temporalMarker content: After Engineer B begins to perform preliminary design services
  • eventRoleContext content: part-time town engineer for Smithtown
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Assess whether Engineer B's performance met the standards outlined in his contract with the town
  • foreseenUnintendedEffects content: Adverse consequences for Engineer B's continued engagement on the project
  • textReferences content: Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B’s preliminary work and becomes convinced that Engineer B’s performance on the contract does not meet the standards as outlined in Engineer B’s contract with the town.
  • temporalExtent content: interval
  • temporalSequence content: 3
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Preliminary_Work_Review",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.636707+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B\u0027s preliminary design work on the road project and concludes it does not meet the contract standards.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "part-time town engineer for Smithtown",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Adverse consequences for Engineer B\u0027s continued engagement on the project"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [
    "Obligation to Advise the Town on Engineering Matters"
  ],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Undivided Loyalty to Client"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Adverse Assessment of Engineer B\u0027s Performance"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Assess whether Engineer B\u0027s performance met the standards outlined in his contract with the town",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Design review",
    "Engineering judgment"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "interval",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After Engineer B begins to perform preliminary design services",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 3,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B\u2019s preliminary work and becomes convinced that Engineer B\u2019s performance on the contract does not meet the standards as outlined in Engineer B\u2019s contract with the town."
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Preliminary Work Review"
}

Description: Engineer A calls to the town's attention his opinion that Engineer B failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project, without malicious or false statements.

Temporal Marker: Following his review of Engineer B's preliminary work, before the termination instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Town Awareness of Engineer B's Deficient Performance

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Inform the town, as its advisor, of Engineer B's deficient contract performance

Foreseen Unintended Effects:

  • Potential harm to Engineer B's professional prospects and employment on the project
Obligation Engagement:
Fulfills (1)
  • Affirmative Obligation to Report Deficient Performance to the Town
Guided By Principles:
  • Undivided Loyalty to Client
  • Protection of Professional Reputation
Required Capabilities:
Engineering judgment Professional communication
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • fulfillsObligation: Affirmative Obligation to Report Deficient Performance to the Town
  • guidedByPrinciple: Undivided Loyalty to Client; Protection of Professional Reputation
  • requiresCapability: Engineering judgment; Professional communication
  • initiates: Town Awareness of Engineer B's Deficient Performance
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer A calls to the town's attention his opinion that Engineer B failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project, without malicious or false statements.
  • hasAgent content: Engineer A
  • temporalMarker content: Following his review of Engineer B's preliminary work, before the termination
  • eventRoleContext content: part-time town engineer for Smithtown
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Inform the town, as its advisor, of Engineer B's deficient contract performance
  • foreseenUnintendedEffects content: Potential harm to Engineer B's professional prospects and employment on the project
  • textReferences content: Engineer A did have an affirmative obligation as town engineer to call to the attention of the city Engineer A’s opinion that Engineer B had failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project; There is nothing under the facts to suggest that anything said by Engineer A was beyond the bounds or could be construed as anything to injure maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation or prospects, practice, or employment of Engineer B.
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 5
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Deficiency_Reporting",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.636763+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A calls to the town\u0027s attention his opinion that Engineer B failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project, without malicious or false statements.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "part-time town engineer for Smithtown",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Potential harm to Engineer B\u0027s professional prospects and employment on the project"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [
    "Affirmative Obligation to Report Deficient Performance to the Town"
  ],
  "proeth:guidedByPrinciple": [
    "Undivided Loyalty to Client",
    "Protection of Professional Reputation"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Town Awareness of Engineer B\u0027s Deficient Performance"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Inform the town, as its advisor, of Engineer B\u0027s deficient contract performance",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Engineering judgment",
    "Professional communication"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Following his review of Engineer B\u0027s preliminary work, before the termination",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 5,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A did have an affirmative obligation as town engineer to call to the attention of the city Engineer A\u2019s opinion that Engineer B had failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project",
    "There is nothing under the facts to suggest that anything said by Engineer A was beyond the bounds or could be construed as anything to injure maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation or prospects, practice, or employment of Engineer B."
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Deficiency Reporting"
}

Description: Smithtown terminates Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, following Engineer A's adverse review.

Temporal Marker: Following Engineer A's review and report of deficient performance instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Design Services Vacancy on Road Project
Terminates (1)
  • Engineer B Under Contract with Smithtown

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: End the engagement of a consultant whose performance did not meet contract standards

Foreseen Unintended Effects:

  • Need to retain a replacement design engineer for the road project
Required Capabilities:
Contract administration
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • requiresCapability: Contract administration
  • initiates: Design Services Vacancy on Road Project
  • terminates: Engineer B Under Contract with Smithtown
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Smithtown terminates Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, following Engineer A's adverse review.
  • hasAgent content: Smithtown
  • temporalMarker content: Following Engineer A's review and report of deficient performance
  • eventRoleContext content: town officials
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: End the engagement of a consultant whose performance did not meet contract standards
  • foreseenUnintendedEffects content: Need to retain a replacement design engineer for the road project
  • textReferences content: Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 6
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Contract_Termination_Decision",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.636797+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Smithtown terminates Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, following Engineer A\u0027s adverse review.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "town officials",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Need to retain a replacement design engineer for the road project"
  ],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Smithtown",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Design Services Vacancy on Road Project"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "End the engagement of a consultant whose performance did not meet contract standards",
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Contract administration"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Following Engineer A\u0027s review and report of deficient performance",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 6,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Engineer B Under Contract with Smithtown"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Contract Termination Decision"
}

Description: After Engineer B's termination, Engineer A offers that his own firm should perform the design work for the same local road project he oversees as town engineer.

Temporal Marker: Following the termination of Engineer B instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (2)
  • Conflict of Interest
  • Appearance of Conflict of Interest

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Obtain the road project design work for his own consulting firm

Foreseen Unintended Effects:

  • Placing himself in the situation of reviewing his own work as town engineer
Obligation Engagement:
Violates (1)
  • Conflict of Interest Avoidance
Required Capabilities:
Road design services
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • violatesObligation: Conflict of Interest Avoidance
  • requiresCapability: Road design services
  • initiates: Conflict of Interest; Appearance of Conflict of Interest
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: After Engineer B's termination, Engineer A offers that his own firm should perform the design work for the same local road project he oversees as town engineer.
  • hasAgent content: Engineer A
  • temporalMarker content: Following the termination of Engineer B
  • eventRoleContext content: part-time town engineer and principal of his consulting firm
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Obtain the road project design work for his own consulting firm
  • foreseenUnintendedEffects content: Placing himself in the situation of reviewing his own work as town engineer
  • textReferences content: Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown; the performance of such services by Engineer A potentially places him in the situation of reviewing his own work
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 8
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Self-Selection_Service_Offer",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.636823+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "After Engineer B\u0027s termination, Engineer A offers that his own firm should perform the design work for the same local road project he oversees as town engineer.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "part-time town engineer and principal of his consulting firm",
  "proeth:foreseenUnintendedEffects": [
    "Placing himself in the situation of reviewing his own work as town engineer"
  ],
  "proeth:fulfillsObligation": [],
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Conflict of Interest",
    "Appearance of Conflict of Interest"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Obtain the road project design work for his own consulting firm",
  "proeth:raisesObligation": [],
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Road design services"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Following the termination of Engineer B",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 8,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A\u0027s firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown",
    "the performance of such services by Engineer A potentially places him in the situation of reviewing his own work"
  ],
  "proeth:violatesObligation": [
    "Conflict of Interest Avoidance"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Self-Selection Service Offer"
}

Description: Smithtown agrees to Engineer A's offer that his firm perform the design work for the local road project, the final event in the Facts timeline.

Temporal Marker: After Engineer A's offer, following Engineer B's termination instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Engineer A's Firm Retained for Road Project
Terminates (1)
  • Design Services Vacancy on Road Project

Mental State: deliberate

Intended Outcome: Secure replacement design services for the local road project from a known and trusted advisor

Required Capabilities:
Procurement decision making
Within Competence: Yes
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • requiresCapability: Procurement decision making
  • initiates: Engineer A's Firm Retained for Road Project
  • terminates: Design Services Vacancy on Road Project
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Smithtown agrees to Engineer A's offer that his firm perform the design work for the local road project, the final event in the Facts timeline.
  • hasAgent content: Smithtown
  • temporalMarker content: After Engineer A's offer, following Engineer B's termination
  • eventRoleContext content: town officials
  • hasMentalState content: deliberate
  • intendedOutcome content: Secure replacement design services for the local road project from a known and trusted advisor
  • textReferences content: Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 9
  • withinCompetence assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Firm_Retention_Agreement",
  "@type": "proeth:Action",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.636850+00:00",
  "proeth:description": "Smithtown agrees to Engineer A\u0027s offer that his firm perform the design work for the local road project, the final event in the Facts timeline.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventRoleContext": "town officials",
  "proeth:hasAgent": "Smithtown",
  "proeth:hasMentalState": "deliberate",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s Firm Retained for Road Project"
  ],
  "proeth:intendedOutcome": "Secure replacement design services for the local road project from a known and trusted advisor",
  "proeth:requiresCapability": [
    "Procurement decision making"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After Engineer A\u0027s offer, following Engineer B\u0027s termination",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 9,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Design Services Vacancy on Road Project"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A\u0027s firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown"
  ],
  "proeth:withinCompetence": true,
  "rdfs:label": "Firm Retention Agreement"
}
Extracted Events (4)
Occurrences that trigger ethical considerations and state changes

Description: Smithtown's selection of Engineer B to provide design services for the local road project takes effect, following Engineer A's advice and concurrence as town engineer.

Temporal Marker: Beginning of the case timeline, before preliminary design work starts instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Engineer B Under Contract

Caused By Action: Action_Consultant_Selection_Advice

Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • causedByAction: http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Consultant_Selection_Advice
  • initiates: Engineer B Under Contract
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Smithtown's selection of Engineer B to provide design services for the local road project takes effect, following Engineer A's advice and concurrence as town engineer.
  • temporalMarker content: Beginning of the case timeline, before preliminary design work starts
  • textReferences content: With Engineer A's advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services for a local road project.
  • eventType content: outcome
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 2
  • confidence assessment: 0.85
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Event_Engineer_Selection",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.636935+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Consultant_Selection_Advice",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.85",
  "proeth:description": "Smithtown\u0027s selection of Engineer B to provide design services for the local road project takes effect, following Engineer A\u0027s advice and concurrence as town engineer.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Engineer B Under Contract"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "Beginning of the case timeline, before preliminary design work starts",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 2,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "With Engineer A\u0027s advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services for a local road project."
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Engineer Selection"
}

Description: As a result of reviewing Engineer B's preliminary work in his town engineer capacity, Engineer A becomes convinced that Engineer B's performance does not meet the standards outlined in the contract with the town. The conviction is a non-volitional cognitive outcome of the review.

Temporal Marker: After Engineer B begins preliminary design services, during Engineer A's review instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Substandard Contract Performance Identified

Caused By Action: Action_Preliminary_Work_Review

Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • causedByAction: http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Preliminary_Work_Review
  • initiates: Substandard Contract Performance Identified
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: As a result of reviewing Engineer B's preliminary work in his town engineer capacity, Engineer A becomes convinced that Engineer B's performance does not meet the standards outlined in the contract with the town. The conviction is a non-volitional cognitive outcome of the review.
  • temporalMarker content: After Engineer B begins preliminary design services, during Engineer A's review
  • textReferences content: reviews Engineer B’s preliminary work and becomes convinced that Engineer B’s performance on the contract does not meet the standards as outlined in Engineer B’s contract with the town
  • eventType content: outcome
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 4
  • confidence assessment: 0.9
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Event_Deficiency_Finding",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.637618+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Preliminary_Work_Review",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.9",
  "proeth:description": "As a result of reviewing Engineer B\u0027s preliminary work in his town engineer capacity, Engineer A becomes convinced that Engineer B\u0027s performance does not meet the standards outlined in the contract with the town. The conviction is a non-volitional cognitive outcome of the review.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Substandard Contract Performance Identified"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After Engineer B begins preliminary design services, during Engineer A\u0027s review",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 4,
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "reviews Engineer B\u2019s preliminary work and becomes convinced that Engineer B\u2019s performance on the contract does not meet the standards as outlined in Engineer B\u2019s contract with the town"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Deficiency Finding"
}

Description: Engineer B's contract with Smithtown is terminated under the terms and conditions of his contract, ending his engagement on the local road project and leaving the design work unassigned.

Temporal Marker: After Engineer A's deficiency reporting and the town's termination decision, before Engineer A's service offer instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (1)
  • Design Services Vacancy
Terminates (1)
  • Engineer B Under Contract

Caused By Action: Action_Contract_Termination_Decision

Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • causedByAction: http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Contract_Termination_Decision
  • initiates: Design Services Vacancy
  • terminates: Engineer B Under Contract
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer B's contract with Smithtown is terminated under the terms and conditions of his contract, ending his engagement on the local road project and leaving the design work unassigned.
  • temporalMarker content: After Engineer A's deficiency reporting and the town's termination decision, before Engineer A's service offer
  • textReferences content: Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town
  • eventType content: outcome
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 7
  • confidence assessment: 0.9
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Event_Contract_Termination",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.637668+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Contract_Termination_Decision",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.9",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer B\u0027s contract with Smithtown is terminated under the terms and conditions of his contract, ending his engagement on the local road project and leaving the design work unassigned.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Design Services Vacancy"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After Engineer A\u0027s deficiency reporting and the town\u0027s termination decision, before Engineer A\u0027s service offer",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 7,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Engineer B Under Contract"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Contract Termination"
}

Description: Engineer A's firm is awarded the design work for the local road project once Smithtown agrees to Engineer A's offer, creating the conflict of interest condition and potentially placing Engineer A in the position of reviewing his own work as town engineer.

Temporal Marker: After the termination of Engineer B, at the end of the case timeline instant

Fluent Transitions:
Initiates (2)
  • Conflict of Interest
  • Self-Review Situation
Terminates (1)
  • Design Services Vacancy

Caused By Action: Action_Firm_Retention_Agreement

Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • causedByAction: http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Firm_Retention_Agreement
  • initiates: Conflict of Interest; Self-Review Situation
  • terminates: Design Services Vacancy
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • description content: Engineer A's firm is awarded the design work for the local road project once Smithtown agrees to Engineer A's offer, creating the conflict of interest condition and potentially placing Engineer A in the position of reviewing his own work as town engineer.
  • temporalMarker content: After the termination of Engineer B, at the end of the case timeline
  • textReferences content: Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown; the performance of such services by Engineer A potentially places him in the situation of reviewing his own work
  • eventType content: outcome
  • temporalExtent content: instant
  • temporalSequence content: 10
  • confidence assessment: 0.88
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#",
    "time": "http://www.w3.org/2006/time#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Event_Design_Contract_Award",
  "@type": "proeth:Event",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.637694+00:00",
  "proeth:causedByAction": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#Action_Firm_Retention_Agreement",
  "proeth:confidence": "0.88",
  "proeth:description": "Engineer A\u0027s firm is awarded the design work for the local road project once Smithtown agrees to Engineer A\u0027s offer, creating the conflict of interest condition and potentially placing Engineer A in the position of reviewing his own work as town engineer.",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:eventType": "outcome",
  "proeth:initiates": [
    "Conflict of Interest",
    "Self-Review Situation"
  ],
  "proeth:temporalExtent": "instant",
  "proeth:temporalMarker": "After the termination of Engineer B, at the end of the case timeline",
  "proeth:temporalSequence": 10,
  "proeth:terminates": [
    "Design Services Vacancy"
  ],
  "proeth:textReferences": [
    "Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A\u0027s firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown",
    "the performance of such services by Engineer A potentially places him in the situation of reviewing his own work"
  ],
  "rdfs:label": "Design Contract Award"
}
Causal Chains (7)
NESS test analysis: Necessary Element of Sufficient Set

Causal Language: Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B’s preliminary work and becomes convinced that Engineer B’s performance on the contract does not meet the standards as outlined in Engineer B’s contract with the town.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A's review authority as town engineer
  • Engineer B's completion of preliminary design work available for review
  • Contractual standards against which performance could be measured
Sufficient Factors:
  • The review of Engineer B's preliminary work by Engineer A, combined with substandard performance relative to the contract, was sufficient to produce the deficiency conviction
Counterfactual Test: Without Engineer A's review, no deficiency finding would have been formed by Engineer A at that time; deficiencies may have gone undetected or been discovered later by other means
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A (town engineer)
Type: direct
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Preliminary Work Review
    Engineer A reviews Engineer B's preliminary design work in his capacity as town engineer
  2. Deficiency Finding
    Engineer A becomes convinced that Engineer B's performance does not meet the standards outlined in the contract
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Preliminary Work Review
  • effect: Deficiency Finding
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A (town engineer)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B’s preliminary work and becomes convinced that Engineer B’s performance on the contract does not meet the standards as outlined in Engineer B’s contract with the town.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A's review authority as town engineer; Engineer B's completion of preliminary design work available for review; Contractual standards against which performance could be measured
  • sufficientFactors content: The review of Engineer B's preliminary work by Engineer A, combined with substandard performance relative to the contract, was sufficient to produce the deficiency conviction
  • counterfactual content: Without Engineer A's review, no deficiency finding would have been formed by Engineer A at that time; deficiencies may have gone undetected or been discovered later by other means
  • agentKnowledge content: Engineer A knew his role as town engineer required reviewing consultant work and that the town relied on his judgment
  • interveningFactors content: Quality of Engineer B's actual preliminary work product
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Preliminary Work Review', 'proeth:description': "Engineer A reviews Engineer B's preliminary design work in his capacity as town engineer"}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Deficiency Finding', 'proeth:description': "Engineer A becomes convinced that Engineer B's performance does not meet the standards outlined in the contract"}
  • responsibilityType assessment: direct
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#CausalChain_2",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.637956+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew his role as town engineer required reviewing consultant work and that the town relied on his judgment",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A, in his role as town engineer, reviews Engineer B\u2019s preliminary work and becomes convinced that Engineer B\u2019s performance on the contract does not meet the standards as outlined in Engineer B\u2019s contract with the town.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A reviews Engineer B\u0027s preliminary design work in his capacity as town engineer",
      "proeth:element": "Preliminary Work Review",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A becomes convinced that Engineer B\u0027s performance does not meet the standards outlined in the contract",
      "proeth:element": "Deficiency Finding",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Preliminary Work Review",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer A\u0027s review, no deficiency finding would have been formed by Engineer A at that time; deficiencies may have gone undetected or been discovered later by other means",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Deficiency Finding",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Quality of Engineer B\u0027s actual preliminary work product"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s review authority as town engineer",
    "Engineer B\u0027s completion of preliminary design work available for review",
    "Contractual standards against which performance could be measured"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A (town engineer)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "The review of Engineer B\u0027s preliminary work by Engineer A, combined with substandard performance relative to the contract, was sufficient to produce the deficiency conviction"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: it is this Board’s view that Engineer A did have an affirmative obligation as town engineer to call to the attention of the city Engineer A’s opinion that Engineer B had failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A's conviction that Engineer B's performance was substandard
  • Engineer A's affirmative professional obligation as town engineer
  • The town's reliance on Engineer A's judgment as a competent advisor
Sufficient Factors:
  • The deficiency conviction combined with the affirmative ethical obligation as town engineer was sufficient to prompt the report to the town
Counterfactual Test: Without the deficiency finding, Engineer A would have had no basis or obligation to report substandard performance to the town
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A (town engineer)
Type: direct
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Deficiency Finding
    Engineer A becomes convinced Engineer B's work does not meet contractual standards
  2. Deficiency Reporting
    Engineer A calls the town's attention to his opinion that Engineer B failed to meet the required standards
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Deficiency Finding
  • effect: Deficiency Reporting
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A (town engineer)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: it is this Board’s view that Engineer A did have an affirmative obligation as town engineer to call to the attention of the city Engineer A’s opinion that Engineer B had failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A's conviction that Engineer B's performance was substandard; Engineer A's affirmative professional obligation as town engineer; The town's reliance on Engineer A's judgment as a competent advisor
  • sufficientFactors content: The deficiency conviction combined with the affirmative ethical obligation as town engineer was sufficient to prompt the report to the town
  • counterfactual content: Without the deficiency finding, Engineer A would have had no basis or obligation to report substandard performance to the town
  • agentKnowledge content: Engineer A knew he had an affirmative obligation to report his professional opinion; there is nothing to suggest his comments were malicious or false
  • interveningFactors content: NSPE Code obligations governing the town engineer role
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Deficiency Finding', 'proeth:description': "Engineer A becomes convinced Engineer B's work does not meet contractual standards"}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Deficiency Reporting', 'proeth:description': "Engineer A calls the town's attention to his opinion that Engineer B failed to meet the required standards"}
  • responsibilityType assessment: direct
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#CausalChain_3",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.637981+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew he had an affirmative obligation to report his professional opinion; there is nothing to suggest his comments were malicious or false",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "it is this Board\u2019s view that Engineer A did have an affirmative obligation as town engineer to call to the attention of the city Engineer A\u2019s opinion that Engineer B had failed to meet the standards required to complete the local road project.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A becomes convinced Engineer B\u0027s work does not meet contractual standards",
      "proeth:element": "Deficiency Finding",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A calls the town\u0027s attention to his opinion that Engineer B failed to meet the required standards",
      "proeth:element": "Deficiency Reporting",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Deficiency Finding",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without the deficiency finding, Engineer A would have had no basis or obligation to report substandard performance to the town",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Deficiency Reporting",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "NSPE Code obligations governing the town engineer role"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s conviction that Engineer B\u0027s performance was substandard",
    "Engineer A\u0027s affirmative professional obligation as town engineer",
    "The town\u0027s reliance on Engineer A\u0027s judgment as a competent advisor"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A (town engineer)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "The deficiency conviction combined with the affirmative ethical obligation as town engineer was sufficient to prompt the report to the town"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A's report of Engineer B's substandard performance
  • Smithtown's reliance on Engineer A's judgment as its competent advisor
  • Contract terms and conditions permitting termination
Sufficient Factors:
  • The deficiency report from the town's trusted engineering advisor, combined with contractual termination rights, was sufficient to trigger Smithtown's termination decision
Counterfactual Test: Without Engineer A's report, Smithtown would have had no basis to conclude Engineer B's performance was deficient and would likely not have terminated the contract
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Smithtown (decision-maker), influenced by Engineer A
Type: shared
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Deficiency Reporting
    Engineer A informs the town that Engineer B failed to meet contractual standards
  2. Contract Termination Decision
    Smithtown decides to terminate Engineer B under the contract's terms and conditions
  3. Contract Termination
    Engineer B's contract with Smithtown is terminated, ending his role on the project
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Deficiency Reporting
  • effect: Contract Termination Decision
  • responsibleAgent: Smithtown (decision-maker), influenced by Engineer A
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A's report of Engineer B's substandard performance; Smithtown's reliance on Engineer A's judgment as its competent advisor; Contract terms and conditions permitting termination
  • sufficientFactors content: The deficiency report from the town's trusted engineering advisor, combined with contractual termination rights, was sufficient to trigger Smithtown's termination decision
  • counterfactual content: Without Engineer A's report, Smithtown would have had no basis to conclude Engineer B's performance was deficient and would likely not have terminated the contract
  • agentKnowledge content: Smithtown knew of Engineer A's professional opinion and relied on his judgment as town engineer
  • interveningFactors content: Contractual terms and conditions governing termination; Smithtown's independent decision-making authority
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Deficiency Reporting', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A informs the town that Engineer B failed to meet contractual standards'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Contract Termination Decision', 'proeth:description': "Smithtown decides to terminate Engineer B under the contract's terms and conditions"}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Contract Termination', 'proeth:description': "Engineer B's contract with Smithtown is terminated, ending his role on the project"}
  • responsibilityType assessment: shared
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#CausalChain_4",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.638001+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Smithtown knew of Engineer A\u0027s professional opinion and relied on his judgment as town engineer",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A\u0027s firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A informs the town that Engineer B failed to meet contractual standards",
      "proeth:element": "Deficiency Reporting",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Smithtown decides to terminate Engineer B under the contract\u0027s terms and conditions",
      "proeth:element": "Contract Termination Decision",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer B\u0027s contract with Smithtown is terminated, ending his role on the project",
      "proeth:element": "Contract Termination",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Deficiency Reporting",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer A\u0027s report, Smithtown would have had no basis to conclude Engineer B\u0027s performance was deficient and would likely not have terminated the contract",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Contract Termination Decision",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Contractual terms and conditions governing termination",
    "Smithtown\u0027s independent decision-making authority"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s report of Engineer B\u0027s substandard performance",
    "Smithtown\u0027s reliance on Engineer A\u0027s judgment as its competent advisor",
    "Contract terms and conditions permitting termination"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Smithtown (decision-maker), influenced by Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "The deficiency report from the town\u0027s trusted engineering advisor, combined with contractual termination rights, was sufficient to trigger Smithtown\u0027s termination decision"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Termination of Engineer B creating a vacancy for design services
  • Engineer A's dual role as town engineer and principal of a consulting firm
  • Engineer A's decision to put his own firm forward
Sufficient Factors:
  • The vacancy created by termination, combined with Engineer A's dual position and volitional offer, was sufficient to produce the self-selection offer
Counterfactual Test: Without Engineer B's termination, no opening for the design work would have existed and Engineer A would have had no occasion to offer his firm's services
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A
Type: direct
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Contract Termination
    Engineer B's contract is terminated, leaving the road project design work unassigned
  2. Self-Selection Service Offer
    Engineer A offers that his own firm perform the design work, placing him in a conflict-of-interest position
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Contract Termination
  • effect: Self-Selection Service Offer
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.
  • necessaryFactors content: Termination of Engineer B creating a vacancy for design services; Engineer A's dual role as town engineer and principal of a consulting firm; Engineer A's decision to put his own firm forward
  • sufficientFactors content: The vacancy created by termination, combined with Engineer A's dual position and volitional offer, was sufficient to produce the self-selection offer
  • counterfactual content: Without Engineer B's termination, no opening for the design work would have existed and Engineer A would have had no occasion to offer his firm's services
  • agentKnowledge content: Engineer A knew he was the town's advisor who had reviewed and criticized Engineer B's work, and knew his firm stood to benefit from the vacancy he helped create
  • interveningFactors content: The project's continued need for design services after termination
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Contract Termination', 'proeth:description': "Engineer B's contract is terminated, leaving the road project design work unassigned"}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Self-Selection Service Offer', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A offers that his own firm perform the design work, placing him in a conflict-of-interest position'}
  • responsibilityType assessment: direct
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#CausalChain_5",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.638021+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew he was the town\u0027s advisor who had reviewed and criticized Engineer B\u0027s work, and knew his firm stood to benefit from the vacancy he helped create",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town, Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A\u0027s firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer B\u0027s contract is terminated, leaving the road project design work unassigned",
      "proeth:element": "Contract Termination",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A offers that his own firm perform the design work, placing him in a conflict-of-interest position",
      "proeth:element": "Self-Selection Service Offer",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Contract Termination",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer B\u0027s termination, no opening for the design work would have existed and Engineer A would have had no occasion to offer his firm\u0027s services",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Self-Selection Service Offer",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "The project\u0027s continued need for design services after termination"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Termination of Engineer B creating a vacancy for design services",
    "Engineer A\u0027s dual role as town engineer and principal of a consulting firm",
    "Engineer A\u0027s decision to put his own firm forward"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "direct",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "The vacancy created by termination, combined with Engineer A\u0027s dual position and volitional offer, was sufficient to produce the self-selection offer"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A's offer of his firm's services
  • Smithtown's trust in and reliance on Engineer A as its town engineer
  • Smithtown's need to complete the road project design
Sufficient Factors:
  • Engineer A's offer, made from his position of trust, combined with the town's need and its reliance on his judgment, was sufficient to secure the town's agreement
Counterfactual Test: Without Engineer A's offer, Smithtown would not have agreed to retain his firm and would presumably have sought another consultant
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A and Smithtown (shared)
Type: shared
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Self-Selection Service Offer
    Engineer A offers that his firm perform the design work for the road project
  2. Firm Retention Agreement
    Smithtown agrees to Engineer A's offer
  3. Design Contract Award
    Engineer A's firm is awarded the design work, creating the conflict of interest where Engineer A would potentially review his own firm's work
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Self-Selection Service Offer
  • effect: Firm Retention Agreement
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A and Smithtown (shared)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A's offer of his firm's services; Smithtown's trust in and reliance on Engineer A as its town engineer; Smithtown's need to complete the road project design
  • sufficientFactors content: Engineer A's offer, made from his position of trust, combined with the town's need and its reliance on his judgment, was sufficient to secure the town's agreement
  • counterfactual content: Without Engineer A's offer, Smithtown would not have agreed to retain his firm and would presumably have sought another consultant
  • agentKnowledge content: Engineer A knew his role as town engineer would potentially place him in the situation of reviewing his own work; the Board found serious ethical constraints under NSPE Code section II.4.e precluding this selection
  • interveningFactors content: Smithtown's independent acceptance of the offer; Town procurement processes
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Self-Selection Service Offer', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A offers that his firm perform the design work for the road project'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Firm Retention Agreement', 'proeth:description': "Smithtown agrees to Engineer A's offer"}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Design Contract Award', 'proeth:description': "Engineer A's firm is awarded the design work, creating the conflict of interest where Engineer A would potentially review his own firm's work"}
  • responsibilityType assessment: shared
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#CausalChain_6",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.638048+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew his role as town engineer would potentially place him in the situation of reviewing his own work; the Board found serious ethical constraints under NSPE Code section II.4.e precluding this selection",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A\u0027s firm should perform the design work for the local road project for Smithtown.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A offers that his firm perform the design work for the road project",
      "proeth:element": "Self-Selection Service Offer",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Smithtown agrees to Engineer A\u0027s offer",
      "proeth:element": "Firm Retention Agreement",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A\u0027s firm is awarded the design work, creating the conflict of interest where Engineer A would potentially review his own firm\u0027s work",
      "proeth:element": "Design Contract Award",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Self-Selection Service Offer",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer A\u0027s offer, Smithtown would not have agreed to retain his firm and would presumably have sought another consultant",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Firm Retention Agreement",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Smithtown\u0027s independent acceptance of the offer",
    "Town procurement processes"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s offer of his firm\u0027s services",
    "Smithtown\u0027s trust in and reliance on Engineer A as its town engineer",
    "Smithtown\u0027s need to complete the road project design"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A and Smithtown (shared)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s offer, made from his position of trust, combined with the town\u0027s need and its reliance on his judgment, was sufficient to secure the town\u0027s agreement"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: it is implied under the facts of this case that Engineer A is an officer or principal of his engineering firm, and thus according to NSPE Code of Ethics, section II.4.e, is not eligible to provide engineering services to Smithtown for the local road project.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Smithtown's agreement to Engineer A's offer
  • Engineer A's status as officer or principal of his firm
  • The existing vacancy on the design contract
Sufficient Factors:
  • Smithtown's agreement to the offer was sufficient, given the project vacancy, to effect the award of the design work to Engineer A's firm
Counterfactual Test: Without Smithtown's agreement, the design contract award to Engineer A's firm would not have occurred and the conflict of interest (reviewing his own work) would have been avoided
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Smithtown (with Engineer A bearing ethical responsibility for the ineligible arrangement)
Type: shared
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Firm Retention Agreement
    Smithtown agrees that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work
  2. Design Contract Award
    Engineer A's firm is awarded the design work for the local road project
  3. Conflict of Interest Condition
    Engineer A is potentially placed in the situation of reviewing his own work, a conflict the Board found could not be cured by disclosure
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Firm Retention Agreement
  • effect: Design Contract Award
  • responsibleAgent: Smithtown (with Engineer A bearing ethical responsibility for the ineligible arrangement)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: it is implied under the facts of this case that Engineer A is an officer or principal of his engineering firm, and thus according to NSPE Code of Ethics, section II.4.e, is not eligible to provide engineering services to Smithtown for the local road project.
  • necessaryFactors content: Smithtown's agreement to Engineer A's offer; Engineer A's status as officer or principal of his firm; The existing vacancy on the design contract
  • sufficientFactors content: Smithtown's agreement to the offer was sufficient, given the project vacancy, to effect the award of the design work to Engineer A's firm
  • counterfactual content: Without Smithtown's agreement, the design contract award to Engineer A's firm would not have occurred and the conflict of interest (reviewing his own work) would have been avoided
  • agentKnowledge content: Both parties knew Engineer A simultaneously served as town engineer; the Board notes the conclusion holds irrespective of whether the town's procurement laws are scrupulously followed
  • interveningFactors content: Town procurement processes; Absence of an independent reviewer for the firm's work
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Firm Retention Agreement', 'proeth:description': "Smithtown agrees that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work"}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Design Contract Award', 'proeth:description': "Engineer A's firm is awarded the design work for the local road project"}; {'proeth:step': 3, 'proeth:element': 'Conflict of Interest Condition', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A is potentially placed in the situation of reviewing his own work, a conflict the Board found could not be cured by disclosure'}
  • responsibilityType assessment: shared
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#CausalChain_7",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.638067+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Both parties knew Engineer A simultaneously served as town engineer; the Board notes the conclusion holds irrespective of whether the town\u0027s procurement laws are scrupulously followed",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "it is implied under the facts of this case that Engineer A is an officer or principal of his engineering firm, and thus according to NSPE Code of Ethics, section II.4.e, is not eligible to provide engineering services to Smithtown for the local road project.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Smithtown agrees that Engineer A\u0027s firm should perform the design work",
      "proeth:element": "Firm Retention Agreement",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A\u0027s firm is awarded the design work for the local road project",
      "proeth:element": "Design Contract Award",
      "proeth:step": 2
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A is potentially placed in the situation of reviewing his own work, a conflict the Board found could not be cured by disclosure",
      "proeth:element": "Conflict of Interest Condition",
      "proeth:step": 3
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Firm Retention Agreement",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Smithtown\u0027s agreement, the design contract award to Engineer A\u0027s firm would not have occurred and the conflict of interest (reviewing his own work) would have been avoided",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "discussion",
  "proeth:effect": "Design Contract Award",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Town procurement processes",
    "Absence of an independent reviewer for the firm\u0027s work"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Smithtown\u0027s agreement to Engineer A\u0027s offer",
    "Engineer A\u0027s status as officer or principal of his firm",
    "The existing vacancy on the design contract"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Smithtown (with Engineer A bearing ethical responsibility for the ineligible arrangement)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Smithtown\u0027s agreement to the offer was sufficient, given the project vacancy, to effect the award of the design work to Engineer A\u0027s firm"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}

Causal Language: With Engineer A's advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services for a local road project.

Necessary Factors (NESS):
  • Engineer A's advisory role as part-time town engineer
  • Smithtown's reliance on Engineer A's professional judgment for procurement decisions
  • Engineer A's concurrence in the selection of Engineer B
Sufficient Factors:
  • Engineer A's advice and concurrence combined with Smithtown's decision-making authority was sufficient to effect the selection of Engineer B
Counterfactual Test: Without Engineer A's advice and concurrence, Smithtown may still have selected a design engineer, but the specific selection of Engineer B as advised would likely not have occurred in the same manner
Responsibility Attribution:

Agent: Engineer A (part-time town engineer) and Smithtown (shared)
Type: shared
Within Agent Control: Yes

Causal Sequence:
  1. Consultant Selection Advice
    Engineer A, as town engineer, advises and concurs in selecting Engineer B for the road project design services
  2. Engineer Selection
    Smithtown's selection of Engineer B takes effect and Engineer B begins preliminary design services
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • cause: Consultant Selection Advice
  • effect: Engineer Selection
  • responsibleAgent: Engineer A (part-time town engineer) and Smithtown (shared)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • causalLanguage content: With Engineer A's advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services for a local road project.
  • necessaryFactors content: Engineer A's advisory role as part-time town engineer; Smithtown's reliance on Engineer A's professional judgment for procurement decisions; Engineer A's concurrence in the selection of Engineer B
  • sufficientFactors content: Engineer A's advice and concurrence combined with Smithtown's decision-making authority was sufficient to effect the selection of Engineer B
  • counterfactual content: Without Engineer A's advice and concurrence, Smithtown may still have selected a design engineer, but the specific selection of Engineer B as advised would likely not have occurred in the same manner
  • agentKnowledge content: Engineer A knew he was acting as the town's professional advisor upon whose judgment the town relied for consultant selection
  • interveningFactors content: Smithtown's independent authority to accept or reject the advice
  • causalSequence content: {'proeth:step': 1, 'proeth:element': 'Consultant Selection Advice', 'proeth:description': 'Engineer A, as town engineer, advises and concurs in selecting Engineer B for the road project design services'}; {'proeth:step': 2, 'proeth:element': 'Engineer Selection', 'proeth:description': "Smithtown's selection of Engineer B takes effect and Engineer B begins preliminary design services"}
  • responsibilityType assessment: shared
  • withinAgentControl assessment: True
RDF JSON-LD 
{
  "@context": {
    "proeth": "http://proethica.org/ontology/intermediate#",
    "proeth-case": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#",
    "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#",
    "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
  },
  "@id": "http://proethica.org/ontology/case/105#CausalChain_1",
  "@type": "proeth:CausalChain",
  "generatedAtTime": "2026-07-14T02:05:29.637917+00:00",
  "proeth:agentKnowledge": "Engineer A knew he was acting as the town\u0027s professional advisor upon whose judgment the town relied for consultant selection",
  "proeth:causalLanguage": "With Engineer A\u0027s advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services for a local road project.",
  "proeth:causalSequence": [
    {
      "proeth:description": "Engineer A, as town engineer, advises and concurs in selecting Engineer B for the road project design services",
      "proeth:element": "Consultant Selection Advice",
      "proeth:step": 1
    },
    {
      "proeth:description": "Smithtown\u0027s selection of Engineer B takes effect and Engineer B begins preliminary design services",
      "proeth:element": "Engineer Selection",
      "proeth:step": 2
    }
  ],
  "proeth:cause": "Consultant Selection Advice",
  "proeth:counterfactual": "Without Engineer A\u0027s advice and concurrence, Smithtown may still have selected a design engineer, but the specific selection of Engineer B as advised would likely not have occurred in the same manner",
  "proeth:discoveredInSection": "facts",
  "proeth:effect": "Engineer Selection",
  "proeth:interveningFactors": [
    "Smithtown\u0027s independent authority to accept or reject the advice"
  ],
  "proeth:necessaryFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s advisory role as part-time town engineer",
    "Smithtown\u0027s reliance on Engineer A\u0027s professional judgment for procurement decisions",
    "Engineer A\u0027s concurrence in the selection of Engineer B"
  ],
  "proeth:responsibilityType": "shared",
  "proeth:responsibleAgent": "Engineer A (part-time town engineer) and Smithtown (shared)",
  "proeth:sufficientFactors": [
    "Engineer A\u0027s advice and concurrence combined with Smithtown\u0027s decision-making authority was sufficient to effect the selection of Engineer B"
  ],
  "proeth:withinAgentControl": true
}
Allen Temporal Relations (10)
Interval algebra relationships with OWL-Time standard properties
From Entity Allen Relation To Entity OWL-Time Property Evidence
Engineer A's role as part-time town engineer overlaps
Entity1 starts before Entity2 and ends during Entity2 		Engineer A's private consulting practice time:intervalOverlaps
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalOverlaps 		Engineer A is the part-time town engineer for Smithtown and also has a consulting engineering practi... [more]
Engineer A's advice and concurrence meets
Entity1 ends exactly when Entity2 begins 		Smithtown's selection of Engineer B time:intervalMeets
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalMeets 		With Engineer A's advice and concurrence, Smithtown selects Engineer B to provide design services fo... [more]
Smithtown's selection of Engineer B before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		Engineer B's preliminary design work time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		Following the selection and after Engineer B begins to perform preliminary design services
start of Engineer B's preliminary design services before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		Engineer A's review of Engineer B's preliminary work time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		after Engineer B begins to perform preliminary design services, Engineer A, in his role as town engi... [more]
Engineer A's review of Engineer B's preliminary work during
Entity1 occurs entirely within the duration of Entity2 		Engineer B's performance of preliminary design services time:intervalDuring
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalDuring 		Following the selection and after Engineer B begins to perform preliminary design services, Engineer... [more]
Engineer A's review and adverse conclusion before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		termination of Engineer B time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		becomes convinced that Engineer B's performance on the contract does not meet the standards ... Foll... [more]
Engineer A's offer of his firm's services meets
Entity1 ends exactly when Entity2 begins 		Smithtown's agreement to retain Engineer A's firm time:intervalMeets
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalMeets 		Engineer A offers, and Smithtown agrees, that Engineer A's firm should perform the design work for t... [more]
NSPE Board of Ethical Review precedent cases (63-5, 74-2, 01-11) before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		the instant case (Engineer A / Smithtown) time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		Since its inception in the late 1950s, the NSPE Board of Ethical Review has considered many cases ..... [more]
termination of Engineer B before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		Engineer A's offer of his firm's services time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		Following the termination of Engineer B under the terms and conditions of his contract with the town... [more]
Engineer A's reporting of Engineer B's deficiencies before
Entity1 is before Entity2 		Board's retrospective evaluation of Engineer A's conduct time:intervalBefore
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#intervalBefore 		Having done so, it is the Board's view that Engineer A acted consistently with the NSPE Code of Ethi... [more]
About Allen Relations & OWL-Time

Allen's Interval Algebra provides 13 basic temporal relations between intervals. These relations are mapped to OWL-Time standard properties for interoperability with Semantic Web temporal reasoning systems and SPARQL queries.

Each relation includes both a ProEthica custom property and a time:* OWL-Time property for maximum compatibility.

Back to Extraction Continue to Step 4

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