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Overview
Facts Discussion
Provenance Draft

PASS 1: Contextual Framework Facts Section

Case 167: Gifts to Foreign Officials

R Roles
1
Classes
3
Individuals
S States
5
Classes
5
Individuals
Rs Resources
0
Classes
0
Individuals

Extracted Ontology Entities

14 RDF entities extracted organized by concept type

R Roles

Roles Classes
1
changed
GovernmentRole
rdfs:subClassOf Roles
New C167
Definition
Extracted from facts primary
A participant role of a high-ranking official of a national government who is authorized to award government contracts, and who communicates to contracting firms the established local practices and expectations, such as personal gifts, associated with contract awards. The role carries governmental standing in the case without profession-generated engineering obligations.
Properties
Text References:
"Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Confidence: 0.85
Role Kind: participant
Distinguishing Features:
  • Holds governmental authority to award contracts rather than to regulate or adjudicate engineering practice
  • Communicates established local practices and consequences of non-compliance to contracting firms
  • Bears no profession-generated engineering obligations articulated by the case
[facts] "Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country.
  • roleKind content: participant
  • distinguishingFeatures content: Holds governmental authority to award contracts rather than to regulate or adjudicate engineering practice; Communicates established local practices and consequences of non-compliance to contracting firms; Bears no profession-generated engineering obligations articulated by the case
  • confidence assessment: 0.85
Roles Individuals
3
Linked
Engineer Role
C167
Text References:
"Richard Roe, P.E., is president and chief executive officer of an engineering firm which has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world."
"The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously."
"his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor cooperation in performing the first contract"
Confidence: 0.92
Actor: Richard Roe
Role Class: Engineer Role
Role Kind: professional
License: P.E.
Experience Level: Heads a firm which has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world
Employer: His own engineering firm, as president and chief executive officer
Additional Relationships:
  • {'type': 'negotiatesContractWith', 'target': 'Foreign Government', 'quote': 'The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously.'}
  • {'type': 'advisedBy', 'target': 'High-Ranking Government Official', 'quote': 'Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country.'}
Case Involvement: President and chief executive officer of an engineering firm negotiating for a contract in a foreign country, who is advised that personal gifts to contract-awarding officials are the established and legal local practice, and that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and poor cooperation in performing the first contract.
Position: president and chief executive officer of an engineering firm
Firm experience: firm has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world
[facts] "Richard Roe, P.E., is president and chief executive officer of an engineering firm which has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • actor: Richard Roe
  • attributes: {'position': 'president and chief executive officer of an engineering firm', 'firm_experience': 'firm has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world'}
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: Richard Roe, P.E., is president and chief executive officer of an engineering firm which has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world.; The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously.; his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor cooperation in performing the first contract
  • roleClass content: Engineer Role
  • roleKind content: professional
  • license content: P.E.
  • experienceLevel content: Heads a firm which has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world
  • employer content: His own engineering firm, as president and chief executive officer
  • additionalRelationships content: {'type': 'negotiatesContractWith', 'target': 'Foreign Government', 'quote': 'The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously.'}; {'type': 'advisedBy', 'target': 'High-Ranking Government Official', 'quote': 'Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country.'}
  • caseInvolvement content: President and chief executive officer of an engineering firm negotiating for a contract in a foreign country, who is advised that personal gifts to contract-awarding officials are the established and legal local practice, and that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and poor cooperation in performing the first contract.
  • confidence assessment: 0.92
Linked
Client Role
C167
Text References:
"The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously."
"governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts"
Confidence: 0.7
Actor: Foreign Government
Role Class: Client Role
Role Kind: participant
Additional Relationships: {'type': 'awardsContractsTo', 'target': 'Richard Roe', 'quote': 'governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts'}
Case Involvement: The government of the foreign country in which the firm is negotiating for a contract, whose officials are authorized to award the contracts and expect personal gifts as an established local practice.
Engagement status: contract under negotiation, firm has not worked in the country previously
[facts] "The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • actor: Foreign Government
  • attributes: {'engagement_status': 'contract under negotiation, firm has not worked in the country previously'}
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously.; governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts
  • roleClass content: Client Role
  • roleKind content: participant
  • additionalRelationships content: {'type': 'awardsContractsTo', 'target': 'Richard Roe', 'quote': 'governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts'}
  • caseInvolvement content: The government of the foreign country in which the firm is negotiating for a contract, whose officials are authorized to award the contracts and expect personal gifts as an established local practice.
  • confidence assessment: 0.7
New C167
Text References:
"Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
"He is further told that other firms have adhered to the local practice in regard to such gifts."
Confidence: 0.88
Actor: Government Official
Role Class: Government Official Role
Role Kind: participant
Employer: Government of the foreign country
Additional Relationships: {'type': 'advises', 'target': 'Richard Roe', 'quote': 'Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country.'}
Case Involvement: Advises Roe that personal gifts to the governmental officials authorized to award contracts are the established and legal practice in the country, that the condition will not be included in the contract, that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work and poor cooperation, and that other firms have adhered to the local practice.
Rank: high-ranking government official of that country
[facts] "Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Relations (structural triples)
  • actor: Government Official
  • attributes: {'rank': 'high-ranking government official of that country'}
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country.; He is further told that other firms have adhered to the local practice in regard to such gifts.
  • roleClass content: Government Official Role
  • roleKind content: participant
  • employer content: Government of the foreign country
  • additionalRelationships content: {'type': 'advises', 'target': 'Richard Roe', 'quote': 'Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country.'}
  • caseInvolvement content: Advises Roe that personal gifts to the governmental officials authorized to award contracts are the established and legal practice in the country, that the condition will not be included in the contract, that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work and poor cooperation, and that other firms have adhered to the local practice.
  • confidence assessment: 0.88

S States

States Classes
5
changed
Pending Engagement State
rdfs:subClassOf States
Review
Pending Engagement State
C167
Definition
Extracted from facts primary
A temporal condition in which a professional or firm is in a decision window on prospective work, here the firm negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously, before any contract is awarded or declined.
Inherited from PendingEngagementState · note
A temporal condition in which a professional has been asked by a client whether he would undertake defined work and has not yet given a definite answer, so the professional is in a decision window between the inquiry and his response, here Engineer X submitting his qualifications but not stating definitely if he would be willing to undertake the work as the prime professional.
Properties
Text References:
"The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously."
Confidence: 0.85
State Category: temporal
Persistence Type: inertial
Activation Conditions: The firm enters negotiations for a contract in the foreign country
Termination Conditions: The contract is awarded, declined, or negotiations end
Principle Transformation: The pending negotiation window is the phase in which Roe must decide how to respond to the local gift practice before any contract obligations attach.
[facts] "Richard Roe, P.E., is president and chief executive officer of an engineering firm which has done overseas assignments in various parts of the world. The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreig..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously.
  • stateCategory content: temporal
  • persistenceType content: inertial
  • principleTransformation content: The pending negotiation window is the phase in which Roe must decide how to respond to the local gift practice before any contract obligations attach.
  • confidence assessment: 0.85
Derived (reconstructable from the graph)
  • activationConditions: The firm enters negotiations for a contract in the foreign country
  • terminationConditions: The contract is awarded, declined, or negotiations end
changed
Knowledge State
rdfs:subClassOf States
Review
Knowledge State
C167
Definition
Extracted from facts primary
A condition of what an agent knows with respect to facts material to a decision, here Roe's knowledge, from a high-ranking government official, of the established gift practice, its legality, the consequences of not making gifts, and the fact that other firms have adhered to the local practice.
Inherited from KnowledgeState · note
A condition of what an agent knows with respect to facts material to a decision, here Engineer Intern C being fully aware of Engineer B's impaired condition while performing the design work that Engineer B sealed with little to no review.
Properties
Text References:
"Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts"
"He is further told that other firms have adhered to the local practice in regard to such gifts."
"Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Confidence: 0.9
State Category: epistemic
Persistence Type: inertial
Activation Conditions: The government official advises Roe of the gift practice and its consequences
Principle Transformation: Roe's knowledge of the practice and its consequences makes his decision about the gifts an informed one, so the epistemic responsibility condition for his subsequent conduct is satisfied.
[facts] "Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts; He is further told that other firms have adhered to the local practice in regard to such gifts.; Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country. Roe is further advised that while the condition is not to be included in the contract, his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor cooperation in performing the first contract. He is further told that other firms have adhered to the local practice in regard to such gifts.
  • stateCategory content: epistemic
  • persistenceType content: inertial
  • principleTransformation content: Roe's knowledge of the practice and its consequences makes his decision about the gifts an informed one, so the epistemic responsibility condition for his subsequent conduct is satisfied.
  • confidence assessment: 0.9
Derived (reconstructable from the graph)
  • activationConditions: The government official advises Roe of the gift practice and its consequences
changed
LocalPracticeState
rdfs:subClassOf States
New C167
Definition
Extracted from facts primary
A regulatory condition in which an established and locally legal practice requires those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials authorized to award the contracts, so the practice is in force as a de facto condition of doing business in that jurisdiction.
Properties
Text References:
"it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country"
Confidence: 0.9
State Category: regulatory
Persistence Type: inertial
Activation Conditions: The local jurisdiction maintains an established, legal practice of gifts to contract-awarding officials
Termination Conditions:
  • The local practice is abolished or made illegal
  • The firm ceases to pursue work in the jurisdiction
Principle Transformation: The locally legal gift practice puts the honesty and anti-improper-influence values of the professional's home code into concrete tension with the conditions of obtaining work in the jurisdiction.
[facts] "Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country
  • stateCategory content: regulatory
  • persistenceType content: inertial
  • principleTransformation content: The locally legal gift practice puts the honesty and anti-improper-influence values of the professional's home code into concrete tension with the conditions of obtaining work in the jurisdiction.
  • confidence assessment: 0.9
Derived (reconstructable from the graph)
  • activationConditions: The local jurisdiction maintains an established, legal practice of gifts to contract-awarding officials
  • terminationConditions: The local practice is abolished or made illegal; The firm ceases to pursue work in the jurisdiction
changed
UndisclosedContractConditionState
rdfs:subClassOf States
New C167
Definition
Extracted from facts primary
A disclosure condition in which a material condition of a contract award is deliberately kept out of the written contract, here the gift condition that is not to be included in the contract though it governs whether further work is awarded and how the first contract will be performed.
Properties
Text References:
"while the condition is not to be included in the contract"
Confidence: 0.85
State Category: disclosure
Persistence Type: inertial
Activation Conditions: The officials establish the gift expectation while excluding it from the written contract
Termination Conditions: The condition is documented, disclosed, or abandoned
Principle Transformation: Keeping the gift condition off the written contract makes the arrangement covert, so any decision to comply with it cannot be squared with open and honest dealing.
[facts] "Roe is further advised that while the condition is not to be included in the contract, his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor coopera..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: while the condition is not to be included in the contract
  • stateCategory content: disclosure
  • persistenceType content: inertial
  • principleTransformation content: Keeping the gift condition off the written contract makes the arrangement covert, so any decision to comply with it cannot be squared with open and honest dealing.
  • confidence assessment: 0.85
Derived (reconstructable from the graph)
  • activationConditions: The officials establish the gift expectation while excluding it from the written contract
  • terminationConditions: The condition is documented, disclosed, or abandoned
changed
EconomicRetaliationRiskState
rdfs:subClassOf States
New C167
Definition
Extracted from facts primary
A condition of exposure in which a firm's refusal to conform to a demanded practice will result in adverse business consequences, here that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and poor cooperation in performing the first contract.
Properties
Text References:
"his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor cooperation in performing the first contract"
Confidence: 0.88
State Category: risk
Persistence Type: inertial
Activation Conditions: The government official conveys that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work and poor cooperation
Termination Conditions:
  • The firm makes the gifts
  • The firm withdraws from work in the country
Principle Transformation: The threatened loss of future work and cooperation places the firm's business interest in direct tension with the professional values that would counsel refusing the gifts.
[facts] "Roe is further advised that while the condition is not to be included in the contract, his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor coopera..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor cooperation in performing the first contract
  • stateCategory content: risk
  • persistenceType content: inertial
  • principleTransformation content: The threatened loss of future work and cooperation places the firm's business interest in direct tension with the professional values that would counsel refusing the gifts.
  • confidence assessment: 0.88
Derived (reconstructable from the graph)
  • activationConditions: The government official conveys that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work and poor cooperation
  • terminationConditions: The firm makes the gifts; The firm withdraws from work in the country
States Individuals
5
changed
Retaliation Risk For Withholding Gifts
EconomicRetaliationRiskState
New C167
Text References:
"his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor cooperation in performing the first contract"
Confidence: 0.88
State Class: Economic Retaliation Risk State
Subject: Roe's engineering firm
Active Period: From the official's advisement for as long as the firm pursues or performs work in the country without making the gifts
Triggering Event: The government official conveys that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded and poor cooperation on the first contract
Terminated By: The firm making the gifts, or the firm withdrawing from work in the country
Affected Parties:
  • Richard Roe
  • Roe's engineering firm
Urgency Level: high
[facts] "Roe is further advised that while the condition is not to be included in the contract, his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor coopera..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor cooperation in performing the first contract
  • stateClass content: Economic Retaliation Risk State
  • subject content: Roe's engineering firm
  • activePeriod content: From the official's advisement for as long as the firm pursues or performs work in the country without making the gifts
  • triggeringEvent content: The government official conveys that failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded and poor cooperation on the first contract
  • terminatedBy content: The firm making the gifts, or the firm withdrawing from work in the country
  • affectedParties content: Richard Roe; Roe's engineering firm
  • confidence assessment: 0.88
  • urgencyLevel assessment: high
changed
Gift Condition Kept Off Contract
UndisclosedContractConditionState
New C167
Text References:
"while the condition is not to be included in the contract"
Confidence: 0.85
State Class: Undisclosed Contract Condition State
Subject: The gift condition attached to the contract award
Active Period: For as long as the gift expectation governs the award and performance of the contract without appearing in the written contract
Triggering Event: The officials establish the gift expectation while directing that the condition is not to be included in the contract
Terminated By: Disclosure or documentation of the condition, or abandonment of the gift expectation
Affected Parties:
  • Richard Roe
  • Roe's engineering firm
  • Governmental officials of the foreign country
Urgency Level: medium
[facts] "Roe is further advised that while the condition is not to be included in the contract, his failure to make the gifts will result in no further work being awarded to the firm and to expect poor coopera..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: while the condition is not to be included in the contract
  • stateClass content: Undisclosed Contract Condition State
  • subject content: The gift condition attached to the contract award
  • activePeriod content: For as long as the gift expectation governs the award and performance of the contract without appearing in the written contract
  • triggeringEvent content: The officials establish the gift expectation while directing that the condition is not to be included in the contract
  • terminatedBy content: Disclosure or documentation of the condition, or abandonment of the gift expectation
  • affectedParties content: Richard Roe; Roe's engineering firm; Governmental officials of the foreign country
  • confidence assessment: 0.85
  • urgencyLevel assessment: medium
changed
Foreign Contract Negotiation Pending
Pending Engagement State
Review
Pending Engagement State
C167
Text References:
"The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously."
Confidence: 0.88
State Class: Pending Engagement State
Subject: Roe's engineering firm
Active Period: During the negotiation for the contract in the foreign country, before award or withdrawal
Triggering Event: The firm begins negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously
Terminated By: Award of the contract, refusal of the contract, or the end of negotiations
Affected Parties:
  • Richard Roe
  • Roe's engineering firm
  • Governmental officials of the foreign country
Urgency Level: medium
[facts] "The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: The firm is negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously.
  • stateClass content: Pending Engagement State
  • subject content: Roe's engineering firm
  • activePeriod content: During the negotiation for the contract in the foreign country, before award or withdrawal
  • triggeringEvent content: The firm begins negotiating for a contract in a foreign country in which it has not worked previously
  • terminatedBy content: Award of the contract, refusal of the contract, or the end of negotiations
  • affectedParties content: Richard Roe; Roe's engineering firm; Governmental officials of the foreign country
  • confidence assessment: 0.88
  • urgencyLevel assessment: medium
changed
Legal Local Gift Practice
LocalPracticeState
New C167
Text References:
"it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country"
Confidence: 0.9
State Class: Local Gift Practice State
Subject: Contract-awarding practice in the foreign country
Active Period: Throughout the firm's pursuit and performance of work in the foreign country
Triggering Event: The established local practice is conveyed to Roe by a high-ranking government official
Terminated By: Abolition of the practice or the firm's withdrawal from work in the country
Affected Parties:
  • Richard Roe
  • Roe's engineering firm
  • Governmental officials of the foreign country
  • Other firms working in the country
Urgency Level: medium
[facts] "Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized to award the contracts, and that such practice is legal in that country
  • stateClass content: Local Gift Practice State
  • subject content: Contract-awarding practice in the foreign country
  • activePeriod content: Throughout the firm's pursuit and performance of work in the foreign country
  • triggeringEvent content: The established local practice is conveyed to Roe by a high-ranking government official
  • terminatedBy content: Abolition of the practice or the firm's withdrawal from work in the country
  • affectedParties content: Richard Roe; Roe's engineering firm; Governmental officials of the foreign country; Other firms working in the country
  • confidence assessment: 0.9
  • urgencyLevel assessment: medium
changed
Review
Knowledge State
C167
Text References:
"Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts"
"He is further told that other firms have adhered to the local practice in regard to such gifts."
Confidence: 0.9
State Class: Knowledge State
Subject: Richard Roe, P.E.
Active Period: From the moment the government official advises Roe onward
Triggering Event: A high-ranking government official advises Roe of the gift practice, its legality, the consequences of refusal, and other firms' adherence
Affected Parties:
  • Richard Roe
  • Roe's engineering firm
Urgency Level: high
[facts] "Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts to the governmental officials who are authorized..."
Field classification (triples vs literals)
Literal extractions (kept for synthesis)
  • textReferences content: Roe is advised by a high-ranking government official of that country that it is established practice for those awarded contracts to make personal gifts; He is further told that other firms have adhered to the local practice in regard to such gifts.
  • stateClass content: Knowledge State
  • subject content: Richard Roe, P.E.
  • activePeriod content: From the moment the government official advises Roe onward
  • triggeringEvent content: A high-ranking government official advises Roe of the gift practice, its legality, the consequences of refusal, and other firms' adherence
  • affectedParties content: Richard Roe; Roe's engineering firm
  • confidence assessment: 0.9
  • urgencyLevel assessment: high

Rs Resources

No new resources were extracted for this section.

The extraction did not find any resources to add. This typically means the case text doesn't contain relevant resources for this section, or extraction hasn't been run yet.

Pass 1: Contextual Framework - Facts
Review extracted entities, then continue to the next step
Continue to Discussion Review
Case texts: National Society of Professional Engineers, Board of Ethical Review.

NOTE: The NSPE Board of Ethical Review considers ethical cases involving either real or hypothetical matters submitted to it from NSPE members, other engineers, public officials, and members of the public. The BER reviews each case in the context of the NSPE Code of Ethics and earlier BER opinions. The facts contained in each case do not necessarily represent all of the pertinent facts submitted to or reviewed by the BER and shall not be considered a direct evaluation of any real matter that may have been submitted.

Each opinion is intended as guidance to individual practicing engineers, students, and the public. In regard to the question of application of the NSPE Code of Ethics to engineering organizations (e.g., corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, government agencies, and university engineering departments), the specific business form or type should not negate nor detract from the conformance of individuals to the Code. The NSPE Code deals with professional services, which must be performed by real persons. Real persons in turn establish and implement policies within business structures.

This opinion is for educational purposes only and is not legal advice. It may be reprinted without further permission, provided that this statement is included before or after the text of the case and appropriate attribution is provided to the National Society of Professional Engineers' Board of Ethical Review.

© Licensed under the GNU GPL v3